Free Essays on Say Yes

Tobias Wolf’s short story â€Å"Say Yes†, found in Discovering Literature, altered by Hans P. Guth and Gabriele L. Rico, it presents the topic of whether interracial marriage ought to be acknowledged. Wolff utilizes a wide range of components to help pass on the significance of the story, for example, characters, setting, and, style. The story opens with Ann and her better half washing the dishes and talking about the questionable subject of interracial marriage. Ann accepts that if two individuals are infatuated, it doesn't make a difference what race they are. Her better half, whose name isn't referenced, holds the contrary position. Incidentally, not to long into their discussion, Ann’s spouse presumes that she is inferring he is supremacist. He shields, â€Å"I went to class with blacks, and lived on a similar road with blacks and we have consistently gotten along just fine† (15). He at that point continues to disclose to her that white individuals ought not wed individuals of color on account of distinction in their way of life. Over the span of the story, the contention changes from the general perspective to an individual clash. Ann thought about whether her significant other would have hitched her on the off chance that she was a dark lady. Their whole goals to the contention rotates around his answer. They talked about a wide range of factors lastly he arrived at the resolution that he would not have hitched her. She is furious about his choice and retreats to the family room to peruse while he completes the dishes. Wolf appears to concentrate on the activity of Ann more than of her better half, and he doesn't tell the peruser his name. The main information Wolf gives the peruser about Ann’s spouse is that he is extremist, yet he is circumspect toward his better half. Ann, then again, appears to anticipate that her better half should concur with all of what she says and she acts in a difficult and narrow minded way. These being the main two characters in the story, gives a staggering complexity in thoughts and character. The creator utilizes the basic errand of washing the d... Free Essays on Say Yes Free Essays on Say Yes Tobias Wolf’s short story â€Å"Say Yes†, found in Discovering Literature, altered by Hans P. Guth and Gabriele L. Rico, it presents the subject of whether interracial marriage ought to be acknowledged. Wolff utilizes a wide range of components to help pass on the significance of the story, for example, characters, setting, and, style. The story opens with Ann and her better half washing the dishes and talking about the disputable subject of interracial marriage. Ann accepts that if two individuals are infatuated, it doesn't make a difference what race they are. Her significant other, whose name isn't referenced, holds the contrary position. Incidentally, not to long into their discussion, Ann’s spouse presumes that she is inferring he is bigot. He guards, â€Å"I went to class with blacks, and lived on a similar road with blacks and we have consistently gotten along just fine† (15). He at that point continues to disclose to her that white individuals ought not wed individuals of color on account of distinction in their way of life. Over the span of the story, the contention changes from the general perspective to an individual clash. Ann thought about whether her better half would have hitched her in the event that she was a dark lady. Their whole goals to the contention rotates around his answer. They talked about a wide range of factors lastly he arrived at the resolution that he would not have hitched her. She is furious about his choice and retreats to the family room to peruse while he completes the dishes. Wolf appears to concentrate on the activity of Ann more than of her significant other, and he doesn't tell the peruser his name. The main information Wolf gives the peruser about Ann’s spouse is that he is extremist, yet he is accommodating toward his better half. Ann, then again, appears to anticipate that her better half should concur with all of what she says and she acts in an obstinate and narrow minded way. These being the main two characters in the story, gives a staggering complexity in thoughts and character. The creator utilizes the basic task of washing the d...

Medieval Musical Instruments

Medieval Musical Instruments:How They've Changed Music is a significant part in numerous people groups lives. It is utilized in strict administrations, for people groups own fulfillment, for amusement, and in any event, for someones occupation. Instruments were completely acknowledged into Western culture around the year 900. Albeit melodic styles have significantly changed all through the ages, the instruments are as yet a significant piece of people groups lives since music is valuable to them. Music in the medieval times lightened the drudgery of numerous people groups lives. Individuals would get together and play in little instrumental outfits. Or on the other hand they would get their own instrument out toward the finish of a taxing day and unwind with the most recent move tune. There are a few distinct kinds of instruments. A considerable lot of these were developed or culminated in the medieval times. Some wind instruments are: the shawm, cornetto, gemshorn, snake, early trumpet, and the sackbut. Their cutting edge partners are: oboe, recorder, woodwind, tuba, current trumpet, and the trombone. There were additionally many string instruments in the Middle Ages including the psaltery, dulcimer, and the lute. A portion of these instruments are still around today in various structures, for example, the harpsichord, more current dulcimer, and the cutting edge guitar. Man found in the good 'ol days that he could deliver a sound by blowing over the finish of a cylinder. As the funnel got longer, the pitch got lower (Remnant 113). This disclosure prompted the woodwind instruments developed in the Middle Ages. The shawm was the early oboe. It was a long, straight wooden instrument with a chime, played with a twofold reed. It had keys covering the gaps that the player could use to make various tones. The cornetto was like the cutting edge recorder. It was made out of wood. In the mid fourteenth century, it had with seven finger gaps (Baker 1). A third woodwind instrument was the gemshorn. This instrument ...

Rioters Recommendations for Emma Watsons Book Club

Rioters Recommendations for Emma Watsons Book Club Emma Watson has launched a book club on Goodreads as part of her  work with UN Women and anyone who has a Goodreads account can join. Its a wonderful idea: a global feminist book club where books can be discussed and enjoyed by equality-minded people. The first book that is being read is My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem. Forging a global sisterhood is one of the biggest challenges of feminism, but perhaps it can be achieved through this medium if the right books are read and the discussion is properly moderated. With this in mind, Rioters have come up with suggestions of what books Emma Watsons book club should read next. Jamie Canaves  recommends Florynce Flo Kennedy: The Life of a Black Feminist Radical  by Sherie M. Randolph: Perfect as a historical read and because of its relevancy to our current times on an incredibly accomplished, at the forefront of the feminist movement, interesting and kick-ass woman. (While being reprimanded for unladylike attire in the courtroom she pointed out to the judge that he was in a dress.) Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg by Irin Carmon: Fascinating woman. Fantastic book. The world could be a better place if we all regularly asked ourselves WWRBG do? Jessica Tripler recommends We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie:  This is a long essay adapted from Adichie’s award-winning 2012 TED talk. In it, the Nigerian novelist defends the use of the term “feminism” as opposed to “humanism” and explains the problem of gender in way everyone can understand. It has to be great if every 16-year-old student in Sweden is getting a copy! Susie Rodarme recommends   Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston: I remember being blown away by this book when I read it in my early 20s. It both opened my eyes to the oppression of women of color and also to the oppression of women in general in a time when so many people were claiming that women already had equal rights and could we just shut up about feminism now? Janie’s story of regaining her power as a person and a woman is one we can all relate to. Trans: A Memoir by Juliet Jacques: Feminism has a long way to go when it comes to properly including trans women. I will say that baldly. Exposure to stories about trans women will help a great deal in correcting this and Trans is a great recent pick that has been getting a lot of buzz. Hannah Oliver Depp recommends The Dept. of Speculation by Jenny Offill: The best novel about modern artistic womanhood and motherhood (its sister novel being Afterbirth by Elisa Albert). Having shared this book with many women at different phases of their live, it’s appeal is massive yet its focus is narrow. Our narrator dreamed of being an “art monster” and finds herself a wife, mother, teacher, and ghostwriter dealing with bed bugs, infidelity, and kids school politics. Rather than going the route of mommy-farce, Offill delves into the mind of our art-monster mother with short, descriptive, and sensory-filled chapters that show chunks of the many aspects of her life. It is a womblike story that is somehow filled with the cold reality of birth. No one can get enough of this slim and powerful book about female identity. Negroland: A Memoir  by Margo Jefferson: A great book about the changing roles of women, African Americans, and politics, this would up the intersectionality of any book club. Part memoir and part look at Respectability Politics, this book gives a glimpse into the lesser known world of affluent blacks and the pressure to be beyond perfect to be treated with the usual amount of respect. Jefferson is a great cultural critic and is able to tie her own familys journey into the story of America’s discomfort with/ requirements of “successful” black people and the internalized self loathing brought about by this pressure. It’s especially notable as it relates to the already absurd expectations of perfection associated with womanhood. Nicole Froio recommends But Some of Us Are Brave: All the Women Are White, All the Blacks are Men: Black Womens Studies edited by Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott and Barbara  Smith: This books title and content pretty much encapsulates the problem with white feminism and the lack of intersectionality in mainstream feminism; where can black feminists stand if social movements have historically excluded them? The bravery is to push for intersectionality, to campaign for attention where none is being paid. I would like to see Watson pick this book because it emphasizes some of the privileges she has as a white woman and it would be amazing to have thousands of people around the world reading these perspectives.  What Can a Woman Do with a Camera?: Photography for Women by Jo Spence: This  sounds like a really specific book that is just for women who are interested in photography, but if we think about how easily we snap photos with our camera phones nowadays, we can start to see why this book could be a valuable read if done en masse. Spence argues that photography can empower minority populations across the world and gives directions on how this can be done. If the aim is to practice feminism globally, I think a book with some guidelines or instructions can be really useful for this book club.

Goals Are Very Effective For Motivating Performance

Chapter 5 Summary, Study Design, and Hypotheses Summary Goals are very effective for motivating performance in the workplace. Setting high, specific goals typically results in higher performance compared to setting low or non-specific goals (Locke Latham, 2012). Given goals’ influence on performance, scholars have examined factors that affect the level at which goals are set. This research has primarily focused on self-set goals and not assigned goals. Self-efficacy, an individual’s expectation for his or her success in a specific domain, has been shown to influence self-set goals. Individuals higher in self-efficacy tend to set higher goals for themselves than do individuals lower in self-efficacy (Bandura, 2012). Although, to my knowledge, it has not been directly examined we might expect to see a similar effect for assigned goals. Meaning, when goals are assigned, goal setters are likely influenced by their stereotypic judgments and subsequent expectations for a targets’ ability. These expectations can come from a variety of sources, including stereotypes associated with the goal target’s group. For example, competency-related gender stereotypes often lead to the expectation that women will perform worse than males at most tasks (Biernat Kobrynowics, 1997; Wood, 1987; Wood Karten, 1987). Therefore, given that assigned goals are likely based, at least in part, on expectations and that those expectations are often driven by stereotypes one must question whether theShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Article Of Prodancius ( 2012 ) On How One Sees His Career Path Supporting An Organization Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagesan organization while motivating and leading employees to be a high performance team, it appears that the author chose seven scholars (authors) to present their thoughts on the importance of studying an organization. Therefore, getting a deep knowledge of what an organization should be, through its definition, its structure composed by effective communication, effective coordi nation, speed and responsiveness and empowerment of the employees, as well as its functions, its goals, and its environmentRead MoreEthics, Leadership And Team Effectiveness1215 Words   |  5 Pagesof this literature review to evaluate concepts relating to leading and motivating effective teams building. The authors addresses qualitative and quantitative research relating to ethical leadership and core job characteristics, organizational culture on team interaction for team effectiveness, employee’s participation in decision making with leadership encouragement of creativity, team cognition as it relates to performance in strategic decision-making teams, emotional intelligence and team effectivenessRead MoreEssay Function of a Manager1381 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment restrictions, and their level or position within the company. In different companies, the managers functions differ, but some of the most common include coaching, delegation, leading, managing work, planning, and motivating. Motivation is clearly a way to enhance the performance of employees and boost the morale of the company. When morale decreases for any reason, productivity usually tumbles right along with it. 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In fact, goal setting theory is generally accepted as among the most valid and useful motivation theories in industrial and organizational psychology, human resource management, and organizational behavior. Many of us haveRead MorePerformance Management For Small Firms Accessible Version Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesPERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT WHAT IS PERFORMANCE MANGMENT? â€Å"Performance management in words involves establishing cause and effect relationships between behaviors and effectiveness. In simple terms, a job involves a series of behaviors and activities which are usually prescribed and described in some form of job description.† (Schneier, Beatty, 2002) Performance management basically provides the comparison of individual’s activities as according to company criteria’s. It is all about managing peopleRead MoreManagers And Employees Motivation And Its Importance1312 Words   |  6 PagesManagers’ and Employees’ Motivation and Its Importance Joechelle Gemino Indian River State College Abstract Is it very important that managers understand their employees’ motivation. There are different components that need to be bonded together in order to motivate employees. Workplace environment and communication influence managers’ and employees’ motivation. More motivation means more productivity. The relationship between managers’ motivation and their employees is analyzed in this paper. Read MoreIncreasing an Organizations High Performance Production1000 Words   |  4 Pages In recent years the number of organizations is rising, consequently the competition between them is increasing. In order to remain competitive ability, organizations should provide high performance in production. For identifying what leads to high productivity, the key elements of organization should be analyzed. It’s obviously that the core of any organization is human element. There is not product without employee, and consequently there is not organization without workforce. Human naturallyRead MoreTypes of Control in an Organization1101 Words   |  5 Pagescoordinating and motivating employees. †¢ Identify the main behavior controls, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages as means of coordinating and motivating employees. †¢ Discuss the relationship between organizational control and change, and explain why managing change is a vital management task †¢ Organizational Control †¢ Managers monitor and regulate how efficiently and effectively an organization and its members are performing the activities necessary to achieve organizational goals ManagersRead MoreWhat Is High Level Motivation?1017 Words   |  5 PagesJournal. The consists of two different cultural regions of the world. The studies were conducted in Hong Kong and China. The topics that were covered within this study was retaining and motivating employees and how the compensation preferences differed between regions. According to our course studies, rewarding for performance such as pay and other intrinsic or extrinsic rewards can have a positive impact on serval things within an organization. Some positive impact may include: attraction of employees

The ImClone Insider Trading Case What did Martha Really Do

In 2004, famous businesswoman and TV personality Martha Stewart served five months in federal prison at Alderson in West Virginia. After she served her time at the federal prison camp, she was placed on two additional years of supervised release, a portion of which she spent in home confinement.  What was her crime? The case was all about insider trading. What Is Insider Trading? When most people hear the term â€Å"insider trading,† they think of the crime. But by its most basic definition, insider trading is the trading of a public companys stock or other securities by individuals with access to nonpublic, or insider, information about the company. This can include  the perfectly legal buying and selling of stock by a company’s corporate insiders. But it can also include illegal actions of individuals attempting to benefit from a trade based on that inside information.   Legal and Illegal Insider Trading   Legal insider trading is a common occurrence among employees who hold stock or stock options. Insider trading is legal when these corporate insiders trade stock of their own company and report these trades to the  U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission  (SEC) through what is known simply as Form 4. Under these rules, the insider trading is not secretive as the trade is made publicly. Legal insider trading is but a few steps away from its illegal counterpart. Insider trading becomes illegal when a person bases their trade of securities of a public company on information that the public does not know. Not only is it illegal to trade your own stock in a company based on this insider information, but it is also illegal to provide another person with that information, a tip so to speak, so they may take action with their own stock holdings using that information. Acting upon an insider stock tip is exactly what Martha Stewart was charged with. Lets take a look at her case. The SEC’s job is to make sure that all investors are making decisions based on the same information. Most simply put, illegal insider trading is believed to destroy this level playing field. The Martha Stewart Insider Trading Case In 2001, Martha Stewart sold all of her shares of the biotech company, ImClone. Just two days later, ImClones stock fell 16% after it was publically announced that the FDA had not approved ImClones primary pharmaceutical product, Erbitux. By selling her shares in the company prior to the announcement and subsequent drop in the stocks value, Stewart avoided a $45,673 loss. However, she was not the only who benefitted from a quick sale. The then ImClone CEO, Sam Waksal, had also ordered the sale of his extensive share in the company, a $5 million stake to be exact, prior to the news being made public. Identifying and proving the illegal case of insider trading against Waskal was easy for regulators; Waksal attempted to avoid a loss based on the nonpublic knowledge of the FDAs decision, which he knew would hurt the stocks value and did not comply with the Security Exchange Commissions (SEC) rules to do so. Stewarts case proved to be more difficult. While Stewart had certainly made a suspiciously timely sale of her stock, regulators would have to prove that she had acted on insider information to avoid the loss. Martha Stewarts Insider Trading Trial and Sentencing The case against Martha Stewart proved to be more complicated than first imagined. Over the course of the investigation and trial, it came to light that Stewart had acted on a piece of nonpublic information, but that the information was not explicit knowledge of the FDAs decision about ImClones drug approval. Stewart had actually acted upon a tip from her Merrill Lynch broker,  Peter Bacanovic, whom also worked with Waskal. Bacanovic knew that Waskal was attempting to unload his large stake in his company, and while he did not know precisely why, he tipped Stewart off on Waksals actions which lead to the selling of her shares. For Stewart to be charged with insider trading, it would have to be proved that she acted upon nonpublic information. Had Stewart traded based on knowledge of the FDA decision, the case would have been strong, but Stewart only knew that Waskal had sold his shares. To build a strong insider trading case then, it would have to be proved that the sale violated some duty of Stewarts to refrain from trading based on the information. Not being a board member or otherwise affiliated with ImClone, Stewart did not hold such a duty. She did, however, act on a tip that she knew breached her brokers duty. In essence, it could be proved that she knew her actions were questionable at the very least and illegal at the worst. Ultimately, these unique facts surrounding the case against Stewart led to prosecutors to focus on the series of lies Stewart told to cover the facts surrounding her trade. Stewart was sentenced to 5 months of prison time for obstruction of justice and conspiracy after the insider trading charges were dropped and securities  fraud charges dismissed. In addition to the prison sentence, Stewart also settled with the SEC on a separate, but related case in which she paid a fine of four times the amount of the loss she avoided plus interest, which came to a whopping total of $195,000. She was also forced to step down as CEO from her company, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, for a duration of five years. Punishments and Rewards Associated With Insider Trading According to the SEC website, there are almost 500 civil enforcement actions each year against individuals and companies that break securities laws. Insider trading is one of the most common laws broken. The punishment for illegal insider trading depends on the situation. The person can be fined, banned from sitting on the executive or board of directors of a public company, and even jailed. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in the United States allows the Securities and Exchange Commission to give a reward or bounty to someone who gives the Commission information that results in a fine of insider trading.

Change of Position Defence Free Essays

string(60) " receipt of the money from the plaintiff was such evidence\." The defendant may claim the defence of change of position. Whether the defendant can successfully establish this defence depends of whether he can prove that his position is so changed that he will suffer an injustice if called upon to repay or repay in full (Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale) * In order to prove a change of position defence, first there must be an adverse change of position by the recipient in good faith and in reliance on the payment (New Zealand Banking Group v Westpac Banking Corporation) * The current position in Australia with regard to the availability of the defence is that the defendant must have (1) changed their position (2) irreversibly (3) in reliance on its receipt (4) in good faith (Australian Financial Services)(1) CHANGE THEIR POSITION / SUFFER DETRIMENT * The defendant must first be able to prove a change in the relative net assets of the defendant which shows that the defendant has acted to his detriment on the faith of the payments received from the plaint iff. In other words, the change must involve a net loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Change of Position Defence or any similar topic only for you Order Now FACTUAL GAIN BUT NET LOSS * Even where a woman who had purchased new furniture and had got rid of her old furniture on reliance on her receipt, where the court accepted that she was factually enriched by her receipt since her net assets were worth more than what she had before, the change of position defence would nevertheless apply since if she was required to make restitution, she would be left with a net loss. * The mere fact that she continues to benefit from the money does not defeat the defence of change of circumstances. The furniture acquisitions represent replacement of items the plaintiff had in her possession when she would not have replaced the items except for the error. The expenditures were not to meet ordinary expenses or pay existing debts. (RBC Dominion Securities v Hills Industries)IS SPENDING ON ORDINARY LIVING EXPENSES CHANGING YOUR POSITION? In general, expenditure on ordinary living expenses will not be regarded as a detriment or that the defendant changed his position because the defendant has to prove that he acted differently from how he would have ordinarily acted on the faith of the belief that the benefit conferred by the plaintiff was the defendant’s to spend (Australian Financial Services amp; Leasing v Hills Industries) * However, a defendant is not precluded from relying on the defence of change of position merely because she has spent the money on ordinary living expenses, provided the expenditure is a substantial detriment stemming from her reliance on receipt of the payment. The defence can apply where the defendant does not simply spend the money on such expenses but applies for and is denied benefits to which she is entitled as a result of her receipt (TRA Global Pty Ltd v Kebakoska) In that case, the respondent had been made redundant by her employer who told her she was entitled to a redundancy payment equivalent to 12 weeks pay on severance and accordingly paid her the sum. She in fact had no such legal entitlement. She subsequently applied for unemployment benefits from Centrelink but was denied them because she had declared receipt of the redundancy money. She was forced to used the bulk of the redundancy money to pay living expenses until she found work eight months later. When the appellant employer sought restitution of the payment on grounds of mistake, the court held that the plaintiff had a defence of change of position despite having spent the money on ordinary living expenses since the expenditure is a substantial detriment stemming from her reliance on receipt of the payment and was denied benefits to which she was entitled as a result of her receipt. DISCHARGING AN EXISTING DEBT * It is not a detriment to pay off a debt which will have to be paid of sooner or later (RBC Dominion Securities v Dawson) In that case Mr Dawson had a Visa debt which he liquidated in a manner he would not have otherwise done had it not been for the mistake on the part of the appellant to overpay him. However, since the Visa debt and those to family members was incurred prior to the mistake, it would have been paid in any event and cannot be said to be to Mr Dawson’s detriment because the payment would be a payment of a debt already owed. (2) IRREVERSIBLY * The second element is that actual, non-speculative and irreversible detriment (Australian Financial Services amp; Leasing v Hills Industries) The nature of the change must be such that it cannot now be undone such as money received which has been irretrievably paid away or incurring unconditional contractual obligation as a result of receipt. In Australian Financial Services, the plaintiff fina nce company was duped by a fraudster and two of his companies into advancing money to several legitimate businesses including that of the second defendant to whom the fraudster and his companies owed money so as to discharge their debts. The plaintiff was led to believe that the purpose of the money being advanced to the defendants was to finance the purchase of equipment they were supplying to the first company when the equipment never existed. Each of the defendants was accustomed to receiving payments for their equipment from finance companies so they were not immediately suspicious of receiving money from the plaintiff. The plaintiff then claiming unjust enrichment against the defendants on the ground that it had made payments under the mistaken belief that the invoices made by the fraudster to the plaintiff, purporting to be from each of the defendants, were genuine and that it would obtain title to the equipment named in the invoices. * In this case, the court held for the defence of change of position to succeed that there must be evidence of an irreversible detriment. The second defendant having foregone default judgments already obtained against one of the fraudster’s companies was in reliance on receipt of the money from the plaintiff was such evidence. You read "Change of Position Defence" in category "Papers" * In TRA Global Pty Ltd v Kebakoska, the detriment to the plaintiff such that she was denied benefits to which she was entitled to stemming from her reliance on receipt of the payment was irreversible. In RBC v Dawson, the fact that the purchased new furniture and had got rid of her old furniture on reliance on her receipt would have caused her in the circumstances a loss that is unjust for her to bear and which is not easily reversible. * Thus it seems that the defendant must show at the very least, significant hurdles to getting the money back. (3) In reliance on the receipt/on the faith of receipt * This third element shows that there must be a causal correlation between the detriment suffered and the receipt of the payment. A BUT-FOR TEST IN UK * The mere fact that the recipient may have suffered some misfortune is not a defence unless the misfortune is linked at least on a but-for test with the mistaken receipt (Scottish equitable) There a variety of conscious decisions which may be made by the recipient in reliance on the overpayment. A CAUSAL CONNECTION IS SUFFICIENT IN AUSTRALIA – ONE CAUSE * In Co-Buchong v Citigroup Pty Ltd, it was held that for the purposes of a change of position defence, a payment is made ‘on the faith of the receipt’ if it is causally linked to the receipt. This requires that the payment would not have been made unless the receipt has been recognised as valid. There is no further requirement that the information upon which the payer was acting be such that, if it were true, the payer would have been entitled to pay the money away in the way that id did. * In this case, Citibank had received instructions purporting to be from the plaintiff to transfer 500,000 from his account to a second account in his name at the NAB. Citibank examined the instruction and determined that it was genuine and paid. NAB then received similar instructions to pay the money away to various overseas bank accounts. Here the instructions were all forgeries perpetrated by an unknown third party. Citibank claimed restitution of its payment to NAB on grounds of mistake. The issue was whether NAB was entitled to a defence of change of position and whether those payments had to various overseas bank accounts had been made ‘on the faith of its receipt’ of the money from Citibank. It was held that NAB did make those payments on the faith of its receipt and all that was required was a causal link between the payment and the receipt. The fact that a third party fraudster had instructed the bank to make out the payments should not necessarily negate the causal connection between the receipt and its payment so as to defeat the defence (rejecting State Bank v Swiss Bank Corporation) * In such a case, the bank’s good faith receipt may still be a cause of a change of position even if it was not the only cause and this should be enough. * This follows the reasoning in the NSWCA case of Perpetual Trustees Australia Ltd v Heperu. Perpetual had paid away sums to Mrs Cincotta funds represented by the units credited on the faith of the receipt of payments by the respondent who had been induced by fraud to do so. The respondents submitted that Perpetual had not proven that the payments of funds out of the account were made on the faith of the receipt because it paid out the funds represented by the account on the faith of what it was told to do by Mr Cincotta in the original forgery of Mrs Cincotta’s signature at the opening of account and in telephone redemptions. * This was construed to be far too narrow an analysis of what is meant by â€Å"on the faith of the receipt†. Payments on the faith of the receipt meant that they would not have been made unless the receipts had been recognised as valid. Just because there was the element of dishonesty of Mr Cincotta which also was the occasion for the withdrawal of funds, this did not negate the causal connection between the receipt and the payments. The change of position remain causally linked to the receipt. Thus while the test seems to involve a causation element, this is not a but for test but rather that the payments of the mon ey were caused or linked to the receipt of payments from the plaintiff. ANTICIPATORY EXPENDITURE – DOES IT COUNT? * Can a defendant be said to rely on the faith the receipt when there is anticipatory expenditure on the part of the defendant? * Can reliance be understood as something other than an essentially causal concept where the effect of the defendant’s expenditure follows the cause which is the defendant’s receipt of the enrichment? Or does it mean that the defendant can be said to have acted on the faith of the receipt where it had a reasonable expectation of receipt? * In the case of Dextra Bank, Dextra Bank drew a cheque on its bankers, Royal Bank of Canada in favour of the Bank of Jamaica. Dextra drew its cheque intending to lend the sum specified to the Bank of Jamaica against the security of a promissory note executed by the Bank of Jamaica. The Bank of Jamaica intended to buy the specified sum of US dollars in exchange for the equivalent in Jamaican dollars which it paid to individuals understood to be nominated by Dextra. Dextra sued BOJ for restitution of the moneys paid. BOJ claimed that it had the defence of change of position. However Dextra argued that BOJ was relying on actions performed by BOJ before it received the benefit from Dextra and this amounted to anticipatory reliance which could not amount to a change of position. The issue was thus whether anticipatory reliance on the plaintiff’s payment can amount to expenditure on the faith of the benefit of the payment and thus whether an effective change of position defence can be made out. * It was held that it is no less inequitable to require a defendant to make restitution in full when he has bona fide changes his position in the expectation of receiving a benefit which he in fact receives, than it is when he has done so after having received the benefit. The court thus held that there should be no effect on the availability of the change of position defence whether the payment is made when the benefit is received or on a reasonable expectation that it is to be received. Anticipatory expenditure can be recognised as payments made on the faith of the benefit of the receipt. This was also recognised in South Tyneside v Svenska Internation where the court held that it does not follow that the defence of change of position can never succeed where the alleged change occurs before the receipt of money, as seen from the facts of Lipkin Gorman where the defence succeeded despite the winning being paid out before getting other gambling bets in. * In Commerzbank, the court held that the relevant question in whether the change of position defence would succeed was whether his decision to change his position was caused or contributed to by the receipt of the payment. The crucial point the courts have emphasised is the causal relationship between the detriment and the receipt and not the strict when the detriment and the receipt or occurred. 4) In good faith * The defence is not open to a recipient who had changed his position in bad faith as where the defendant has paid away the money with knowledge of the facts entitling the plaintiff to restitution (Lipkin Gorman) * What is crucial to the good faith element is whether the payee had actual knowledge of all the facts constituting the wrongdoing or else had knowledge of such facts as would reasonably raise a suspicion of wrongdoing so that the payee was put on enquiry (Mercedes-Benz v National Mutual Royal Savings Bank Ltd) * Does a person act in good faith unless he acts dishonestly? (Niru) * NO. A person can act in bad faith where the recipient knows that the payer had paid the money to him as result of a mistake of fact or mistake of law and it will in generally be unconscionable or inequitable to refuse restitution. Just because he is not guilty of dishonesty does not ma ke him innocent. Will knowledge of the mistake bar the defence? * Waitaki- mere knowledge of the fact that the money is not due probably doesn’t bar the defence if d acts reasonably: d knew that the money was not its money to keep and in fact put the money on deposit, ready to repay. D was allowed the defence (albeit partially) when the money was lost through the collapse of the company with whom the sum had been deposited, even though it knew about the mistake when it put the money on deposit. * Lipkin Gorman: In cases where the payee had grounds for believing that the payment may have been made by mistake but cannot be sure, good faith may well dictate that an enquiry be made of the payer. The nature and extent of the enquiry called will of course depend on the circumstances of the case but I do not think that a person who has good reason to believe that the payment was made by mistake will often be found to have acted in good faith if he pays the money away without first making enquiries of the person from whom he received it. * English courts to date appear generally more relaxed about defendant fault, although they have tended to be thinking about fault with regard to the initial receipt of the money (â€Å"should defendant have known about the error†? ), as opposed to fault with regard to what is then done with it. * Whether fault is relevant to good faith? * In both Dextra and Niru, the CA aid that the defendant will only be denied the defence if he was in bad faith when paying away the money * The way the CA in Niru defines bad faith actually comes quite close to a negligence standard – acting in a â€Å"commercially unacceptable way† or with â€Å"sharp practice falling short of outright dishonesty†. If negligence in not realising the mistake is insufficient to bar the defence, then it seems unlikely that negligence in a decision about how to dispose of the money will be. Also, it would seem strange if a good faith payment to charity could give rise to the defence, but a good faith (but negligent) investment couldn’t? * A different approach is taken in NZ . In Waitaki, fault is relevant. The facts are that the defendant received 50,000. He takes the money and puts it into an investment with the finance company which eventually goes under. The bank then realises they paid him the money under mistake and sue him. * The defendant had relied on the receipt because the bank had forced him to take it. However he had never thought it was valid. The court held that the defendant had partly been at fault in the ultimate loss of the enrichment because he had chosen an insecure investment. Where defendant failed to obtain sufficient security for a risky investment, he had defence reduced by 10%. This introduces the uncertainties of the â€Å"contributory negligence† model of COP, which requires a relative balancing of the fault of p and d in proportioning the amount repayable. The approach was expressly rejected in Dextra as being â€Å"hopelessly unstable†. DEFENDANT WHO ILLEGALLY CHANGES HIS POSITION AS A WRONGDOER * Recently suggested that a defendant who changes position illegally is a ‘wrongdoer’ cannot invoke the defence (Barros Mattos) * The recent case of Barros Mattos now indicates this is highly likely to be the case. In reaching this conclusion, Laddie J drew support from Lord Goff’s ‘wrongdoer’ limitation in Lipkin Gorman: this indicates that defendant can be disqualified from the defence either because of his knowledge of the claimant’s rights before changing his position, or because the change of position itself is â€Å"wrongful†. * Should this affect civil wrongs? This result does not specifically affect restitution for wrongs, since civil wrongs are not considered illegal as such. Despite the concept of ‘illegality’ by its very nature being hard to define, it is clear from both Tinsley v Milligan [1994] 1 AC 340 and Nelson v Nelson (1995) 184 CLR 538 that it relates to claims which would run seriously counter to public policy. In Lipkin, Goff suggested that COP should not be open to wrongdoers, but it is not clear that he was referring to those guilty of an innocent breach of duty. DEFENDANT WHO INDUCES THE MISTAKEN PAYMENT IN THE FIRST PLACE * Deliberate: No defence- Goff in Lipkin Gorman- defendant will be in bad faith and bad faith precludes reference to the defence. Note that it is assumed in Niru that dishonesty is sufficient to amount to bad faith, even if it is not always necessary. It is clear from Niru that dishonesty amounts to bad faith, even if defendant can sometimes be in bad faith even where there is no actual dishonesty. * Negligent: No clear authority on this. Defence probably still available, but not if it amounts to â€Å"bad faith† as defined recently in Niru. There, defendant was denied defence on the basis that it had documents in its hands which were forgeries, which it ought to have realised might be forgeries and into which it had failed to make reasonable inquiries. This amounted to failure to act in a â€Å"commercially acceptable† way, tantamount to bad faith and denying the defendant access to the defence, even though defendant was not dishonest in the sense of appreciating the risk of fraud. It is arguable that in the light of Niru, plaintiff would be in a strong position to argue that the defence should be denied to defendant here on the grounds that defendant’s inducement was not â€Å"commercially acceptable† behaviour. * Innocent: Defence probably still applicable, since, if inducement was â€Å"innocent† in the sense of being non-negligent, it might be commercially acceptable behaviour, as per Niru. DOES THE DEFENCE ACT AS A COMPLETE DEFENCE? * No it can apply pro tanto. (Australian Financial Services amp; Leasing Pty Ltd v Hills Industries) * Meaning you give back to the extent of what you still have. * How does this compare with estoppel? * Estoppel by representation remains available as a total defence to restitutionary claims even in circumstances in which the defence of change of position is available. Properly understood, it does not undermine the defence of change of position as they are based on different elements. In estoppel, one had to prove representation and detrimental reliance. Whether one can plead estoppel however depends on how equitable it is for to make such a claim to the overpayment received. In TRA Global, the court held that equity may intervene to prevent the latter’s unconscientious assertion in certain circumstances. It may be inequitable to assert a full defence of estoppel when you are overpaid 1000 and remain in possession of 500 which was mistakenly paid to you. * Under a defence of change of position, your entitlement will be 500. | How to cite Change of Position Defence, Papers

Continuing Education

Question: There is too much emphasis on lectures and too little emphasis on helping health professionals enhance their competence and performance in their daily practice." Is this true? WHy or why not? What can we do to enhance competence and proformance through continuing education? Answer: Yes its true, there is too much emphasis on the lectures and too much little emphasizes on helping the health professional enhance competence. The reason to this has been due to the technological advancement in the current time (Hager, Russell Fletcher, 2008). An example with the use of internet it has helped these professional find answers to clinical questions with ease rather relying on their own performance. Moreover, there are no accreditation in the organization to promote teamwork or the alignment of CE to improvement of quality of health systems (Leach Fletcher, 2008). To add this there is the problem of growth link between CE and the commercial interests. References Hager, M., Russell, S., Fletcher, S. W. (Eds.). (2008). Continuing education in the health professions: improving healthcare through lifelong learning. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. Leach, D. C., Fletcher, S. W. (2008). Perspectives on continuing education in the health professions: improving health care through lifelong learning. CHEST Journal, 134(6), 1299-1303.

James D. Watson free essay sample

James d Watson had a massive impact on society with his co-discovery of DNA. He was a very intelligent as a child, with his favorite word being why. The discovery wouldn’t of came if it wasnt for the help from a few other very important scientist. SO many changes have come about of the discovery of DNA, on of the most well known would be genetic engineering, and to many to name. James D. Watson had a huge impact on society with his co-discovery of DNA, from a young age he was very interested in science this fuelled his passion. With the help of others James and co-discoverer Francis Crick they cracked the cod of DNA. All this has led other important discoveries and breakthroughs like how we pass on traits though generations, how genes work with health and how we can improve it also in agriculture with new plants that are immune to some pests. We will write a custom essay sample on James D. Watson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page James Dewey Watson was born in Chicago on April 6, 1928. James was very bright young child. â€Å"His favourite word was why† (N/A http://www. dnaftb. org/19/bio. html ). One of his favourite hobbies was bird watching with his father. James had a short time in high school when he entered the University of Chicago at 15 though the gifted youngster program. Watson then went to do a Ph. D with Salvador Luria at Indiana University, here his passion for DNA and genetics grew. After his Ph. D Watson spent time in Europe. He spent most of his time in the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, here he met Francis Crick, they both found they had a passion for solving the structure of DNA. Between the two of them they cracked the mystery of DNA and in 1953 built the first accurate model of DNA. James D. Watson was the co discoverer of the double helix. James came about the discovery of the double helix though the work left by others trying to solve this mystery. The had work from two others, Erwin Chargaff rule that A only links with T and C only links with G and Rosalind Franklin’s X-rays double helix. James was able to build on this with new discoveries in known molecular distances and bond angles. James and co-discover Francis Crick sat at the desks rearranging the proteins A, T, C, G to match together to produce the strand. They could not find how T and G linked to A or C, not until upon suggestion from a American scientist named Jerry Donohue did they find that the build structure of T and G was off and that all they had to do was rearrange the structure of the two and they ended up having a perfect match at last with each pair being held together by hydrogen bonds. The discovery was announced in March 1953 by Sir  Lawrence Bragg the director of the laboratory. In 1962 James and his co-discover landed a Nobel Prize in Medicine. (N/A, http://www. nobelprize. rg/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/) . This discovery has paved the way for so many new medicines, vaccines and new technology. James D. Watson has changed the world in many ways with his discovery of DNA and how it works. In medicine there have been a lot of improvements with vaccines with DNA technology. For example insulin now is being produced from recombinant DNA technology or known as genetic engineering. Scientist has found that bacter ia and even baker’s yeast can produce insulin. They insert the human gene that produces insulin into the bacteria. This has made insulin a unlimited supply meaning the price for the product has gone down and increase peoples quality of life at the same time. DNA has also improved the upholding of laws. It is now possible to distinguish who was at a crime scene with DNA. This has led to many cases solved that otherwise had no other evidence. In Agriculture DNA technology has improved farmers grow better crops by making them immune to disease and pests. They do this by inserting genes from other plants that are immune and insert into the ones they want to protect. This has led to better crops in Africa which has helped fight starvation, and made food cheaper in countries so more people can afford food. These are just a few ways DNA has helped shape the world we live in. James D. Watsons had a huge impact on society with his co-discovery of DNA. The discovery has led to amazing new breakthroughs and new technologies like picking traits and finding out how genes affect our health. The discovery also landed James and his co-discover, a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962. Our modern world wouldn’t have the healthcare it has now if it wasn’t for James D.

Free Printable Science Worksheets and Coloring Pages

Free Printable Science Worksheets and Coloring Pages Science is usually a high-interest topic for kids. Children love to know how and why things work, and science is part of everything around us, from animals to earthquakes, to our own bodies. Capitalize on your students interest in the hows and whys of the world with these  free printable science worksheets, activity pages, and coloring pages on a variety of science-themed topics. General Science Printables No matter what topic youre studying, its never too early to begin teaching children to document their science lab findings. Teach your child to make a hypothesis (an educated guess) about what he thinks the result of the experiment will be and why. Then, show him how to document the results with these  science report forms.   Even young children can draw or photo journal their scientific explorations.   Learn about the men and women behind todays science knowledge base. Use a basic  biography lesson plan  to learn about any scientist or  try these  Albert Einstein printables  to learn about one of the most famous scientists of all time. Spend some time exploring the tools of a scientists trade with your students. Learn about the  parts of a microscope  and how to care for one. Study some fascinating general science principles that we use every day - often without even realizing it -  such as how  magnets  work,  Newtons Laws of Motion, and what  simple machines  are. Earth and Space Science Printables Our earth, space, planets, and the stars are fascinating to students of all ages. Whether you have an astronomy buff or a budding meteorologist, the study of life on our planet - and in our universe - and how it all connects is a topic worth delving into with your students. Dig into  astronomy and space exploration  or enjoy a set of  solar system printables  with your future astronomer, astronaut, or backyard stargazer. Study the  weather  and natural disasters such as  earthquakes  or  volcanoes. Discuss with your children the types of scientists who study those fields such as meteorologists, seismologists, volcanologists, and geologists. Geologists also study rocks. Spend some time outdoors creating your own rock collection and some time indoors learning about them with free  rocks printables. Animal and Insect Printables Kids love learning more about the creatures they can find in their own back yard - or the local zoo or aquarium. Spring is a wonderful time to study creatures like  birds  and  bees.   Learn about the scientists who make a living studying them such as  lepidopterists and entomologists. Schedule a field trip to chat with a bee keeper or visit a butterfly garden.   Visit a zoo and learn about mammals such as  elephants  (pachyderms) and  reptiles  such as alligators and crocodiles. If your student is really fascinated by the reptiles, print off a  reptiles coloring book  for him to enjoy when you get home.   See if you can arrange to talk to a zookeeper about the different animals in the zoo. Its also fun to make a scavenger hunt of your trip by finding an animal from each continent or one for each letter of the alphabet. You may have a future paleontologist on your hands. In that case, visit a museum of natural history so that she can learn all about dinosaurs. Then, capitalize on that interest with a set of free  dinosaur printables. While youre studying animals and insects, discuss how the seasons -  spring,  summer,  fall, and winter  - affect them and their habitats. Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the oceans and the creatures that live there. Many children - and adults - are fascinated by the ocean because there is still a great deal of mystery surrounding it and its inhabitants. Many  of the animals who call the ocean their home are very unusual-looking. Learn about the mammals and fish that swim in the ocean, such as dolphins, whales, sharks, and seahorses. Study some of the other ocean-dwelling creatures, such as: CrabsJellyfishLobstersManateeOctopusSea TurtleStarfish You may even want to dig deeper and learn more about some of your favorites, like dolphins or seahorses. Take advantage of your childs fascination with science-themed topics by incorporating fun printables and hands-on learning activities into your science studies.   Updated by Kris Bales

Comparing Leadership in Military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparing Leadership in Military - Essay Example The key leadership challenges for me exist at several levels. The foremost challenge is for me to establish clear-defined role for the DCO of the brigade, who in the past have been deemed to have a confused role. As CO, I also need to define my role clearly. These problems were apparent in Afghanistan during the previous deployment, where the leadership struggled due to too many responsibilities being assigned to the DCO, due to having a separate leadership structure in place over the MiTT, and later on as a result of the untimely deaths of the top officers in the brigade. Not only did the deaths of these officers create a sudden change of leadership, it also required the development of a new vision of leadership as well as the inspiration of new confidence in the troops in the entire brigade. Thus, I have a challenge in establishing myself as the new leader who will bring the unit back to the pace and status it held under old leadership, and as a result I must raise morale and profi ciency among the soldiers. Within the officer structure, there is also a problem of my shops working together in harmony—the S3 shop is perceived as dictatorial by its members, while the S4 shop is overwhelmed; finally, the S6 shop, least likely to complain about workload, also finds that its job is overwhelming. These shops all need some sort of relief, and I need to refocus them in order to better complete their tasks as well as recover from the deployment. My second leadership challenge lies at the NCO level. The most alarming aspect of this is how my brigade CSM is not open to the feedback of his NCOs, who complained about the stress and workload as well. Although the NCOs do benefit from hard handed leadership that requires action and results, they also need leadership that listens to their feedback and integrates into a wider solution. The CSM is not going to improve the efficiency and morale of his NCOs by batting back their feedback, negative as it may be, and needs t o take an approach that will lead to more incentive and increased dedication. In short, the NCOs need to be inspired rather than reprimanded—and I need to reprimand my CSM. Finally, there is an issue throughout the entire brigade of time and resource management. The reset face is presenting me a challenge due to the dwindling amount of days before the next phase of training comes into place, and much of the equipment is either in transit or in disrepair and will not be available for full use until much close to the H+180 point. This places pressure on myself and the leadership at all levels, as the leaders from the team level up to my position as CO need to find a way to train and familiarize with equipment that we do not have. The result is not that there is a shortage of time, but moreso that there is an excess of time without the proper resources. I need to find a way to prepare the troops for the next deployment cycle without the equipment—I also need to adjust the troops to the new mission and timeline in Afghanistan, as well as the fact that they may be acting in infantry type roles in addition to their usual MOS roles. My vision for transforming the organization of the 56th HBCT involves making a clear structure of authority and tasking. As CO, I will require reports on equipment availability at

Business Optimization via IoT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Optimization via IoT - Research Paper Example The Internet of Things is linking new areas like energy grids, creating floors, transportations systems as well as healthcare amenities to the internet. If an object has the ability to embody its self digitally, then it is possible to manage it from any area (GAGLIO & LORE 2014, 57). This unification means additional information assembled from more areas, with further ways to enhance competence as well as advance precautions and safety. In the internet of things, a thing may be either a ranch animal containing a biochip transponder, an individual comprising of an implant to monitor the heart, an automobile having in-sensors to help the driver realize incase the pressure of the tires is low or any other artificial or natural object capable of being allocated an IP address. To date, the IoT is frequently related to machine-to-machine communication in power and manufacturing, gas and oil efficacies. Products that are created with the machine-to-machine aptitudes are regularly known to a s being smart. The huge increase of IPv6’s in space address is a vital aspect in the growth of Internet of Things. In accordance to Steve Laibson, an infrequent docent at the Museum of Computer History, the address space development indicates that individuals can allocate an IPV6 address to all atoms found on the earth’s surface and still contain sufficient addresses remaining to execute additional 100+ earths. This simply means that people could easily be in a position to allocate an IP address to all the things contained in the earth. An enhancement in smart nodes number and quantity of upstream information produced by the nodes is anticipated to create new alarms regarding data confidentiality, data control as well as safety. Even though the idea of internet of things remained unnamed until the year 1999, it has been in progression for many years.

Theory Of Economic Development And North South Relation Economics Essay

Theory Of Economic Development And North South Relation Economics Essay Globalist perspective which believe that market-oriented system and private firms activate to provide a global economic growth, a huge variety of productions and services at lower prices for consumers, energetic environment protections, convenient working conditions at higher wages, protection of human rights and related with maintaining of democratic governments. This paper aims to answer the question of has globalization reduced the North-South gap in economic development with modernization theory through the lens of trade relation, economic growth and Washington Consensus principles. Liberal Theory of Economic Development and North South Relation Technologic improvement of transportation, communication and information infrastructures has been concluded with a phenomenon mostly known as globalization, and it is an increased connection of people and places around the world. There are many indicators that show globalization of goods, capital, and people; World GDP through trade rate (good and services) increased from %42.1 in 1980 to %62.1 in 2007. FDI increased from %6.5 of world GDP in 1980 to %31.8 in 2006. International claim stock (bank loans) according to world GDP increased from %10 in 1980 to %48 in 2006. Cross-border telephone call minutes numbers on basis of GDP increased from %7.3 in 1991 to %28.8 in 2006. The number of foreign workers has increased from %2.4 of the world population in 1965 to %3.0 of the world population in 2005. The impact of the major movement of goods, services, workers and capital on the North-South economic relations has been differently commented by political economists and different perspectives explanations give distinct results. Question of Is globalization positive or negative for the development of the Southern states? indicates the realities about economic gap between North-South. Modernization theory of liberal approach presents main hints about North-South relation on the basis of global economic structure. Developing nations are poor because they are inefficient in economic performances and they must build open markets and invest in human and physical capital. Globalization is a great opportunity for the developing nations. The invisible hand of a market without limitations redistributes the wealth among the nations, leading to economic growth, more efficient allocation of resources, enhanced civil liberties and peaceful relations between states. Free trade is a win-win situati on when it is seen from the comparative advantage perspective. If all countries were to concentrate on those products they can produce most efficiently and the worlds products would increase and everyones standard of living would rise. Development is usually described as improvement in five areas: industrialization, socioeconomic transformation, economic diversification, higher standards of living and urbanization according to liberals. The goals of development are growth, equity, democracy, stability and autonomy. The top priority is economic growth because it makes possible the achievement of all the other goals with spill over affect domestically and internationally. Since global economic integration sets off growth, it is seen as a positive factor. This cornerstone acts into inequalities between North and South growing, while the global economy is expanding. For explaining the gap between expectations and reality, Liberals emphasized a modernization theory, which suggests that t he causes of poverty are not connected to globalization but they are internally related with least developed countries domestic structure. Domestic economic, social and political structures are the key factors for development so a developing country has to carry out a transition from a traditional society to a modern capitalist economy if it wishes to develop. Modern societies are successful because they are more urbanized, dynamic, flexible and willing to adapt. Namely international trade is a basic component of globalization that eliminates or reduces trade barriers like import tariffs. Trade provides national competitiveness and gives host country comparative and competitive advantages and it promotes economic resilience and flexibility. Chart 1 Limitation on international trade like protectionist approach prevents good products at low level and poverty will increase due to restrictions. So it can be said that developing countries can benefit from expansion of international trade. Ernesto Zedillos words, former president of Mexico, In every case where a poor nation has significantly overcome its poverty, this has been achieved while engaging in production for export markets and opening itself to the influx of foreign goods, investment, and technology. claimed that market-oriented economy with global size would alert developing nations (South) to improve domestic economic structure. Cross-border investment has a critical position for industrialization and speed economic growth. Developing countries that accepted foreign investment moved successfully from non-oil commodity exports to alter manufacturing and services exports. And they have generated the highest sustained economic growth during the last quarter of the twentieth century. From 1989 to 1996, foreign direct investment jumped from just $11 million a year to over $5 billion in Poland; from $3 billion to over $10 billion in Mexico; and from $2 billion to almost $10 billion a year in Singapore. Developing countries which have adopted open economic system developed by an average of %4.5 per year in the 1970s and 1980s, while closed economies developed just %0.7 a year. The fastest developing region of the world was East Asia where grew in real per capita income at an annual average rate of 4 to 6 percent since the 1960s. In China, per capita GDP has nearly increased 4 plus since 1980. Since 1972, the poverty rate in Indonesia has been cut in half. Per capita GDP (in U.S. dollars) increased from $163 in 1980 to $235 in 1997. Brazil, Venezuela and India has been reduced their trade barriers from huge amount of tariffs to low level that market oriented structure needs according to WTO principles. And these arrangements have given them sustainable development. Some of the developing nations of the world have driven IMF projects and they have sustainably developed annually. Transnational companies are min figure of globalization and international trade. TNCs are seen as messengers of modernity for underdeveloped countries. TNCs give underdeveloped and developing countries unobserved amounts of capital, technology, management expertise, marketing networks, jobs and tax revenue. Globalization constitutes an opportunity to climb to the top and TNCs help this process. Competition for foreign direct investment (FDI) will lead countries in the North and in the South to try to provide well-educated labour and high-quality infrastructure. Increasing competition will lead to a greater global efficiency and modernization of the developing country. Liberal theories of economic development argue that the existing international market structure provides the best framework for Southern economic development. The major problems of development are caused by the domestic economic policies of the developing countries. It emerge with creation of market imperfections; reduc ing of the productivity of land, labour, and capital; and intensify social and political rigidities. According to liberals the best way to overcome these weaknesses is related with adoption of market-oriented domestic reforms. Convenient internal policies and the international system will increase levels of trade, foreign investment, and foreign aid and this structure can provide a basis for rapid growth and economic development. According to liberals trade is an engine of growth. Specialization that is adaptable with national comparative advantages increases income levels in all countries engaging in free trade. Specialization also encourages higher levels of capital formation through the domestic financial system and increased inflows of FDI. Chart 2Chart 3 From the liberal viewpoint, the correct international Southern strategy for economic development is to encourage those domestic changes necessary to promote foreign trade, inflows of foreign investment, and the international competitiveness of domestic firms. This strategy means that quit from policies that prevent trade and investment flows like high tariffs and restrictions on FDI inflows. Washington Consensus Washington Consensus was introduced in a period when the Keynesian dominance in economic theory and policy had collapsed after the mid-1970s crisis and it indicates that domestic arrangements through the lens of market-oriented structure constitute economic development for developing countries. There is a geographical dimension in the term Washington Consensus. Its policy prescriptions were primarily issued for the Latin American economies in the 1990s, although they subsequently spread to the rest of the developing and less developed countries. John Williamson attracted attention that market oriented structure should have been constituted for developing countries through the lens of Latin American countries. These policy prescriptions can be summarized in ten titles: 1) The imposition of fiscal discipline. 2) The redirection of public expenditure priorities towards other fields. 3) The introduction of tax reforms that would lower marginal rates and broaden the tax base. 4) The liberalization of the interest rate. 5) A competitive exchange rate. 6) The liberalization of trade 7) The liberalization of foreign direct investment inflows. 8) The privatization of state-owned economic enterprises. 9) The deregulation of economic activities. 10) The creation of a secure environment for property rights. The theoretical foundations of these principles can be easily explained as withdrawal of the state from the economy and restructuring of the unobstructed operation of the market economy. On the contrary of Keynesian deficit and expansionary budget system fiscal discipline should be constituted on public activities for providing balanced budget to prevent crisis. Limited public expenditures should support private entrepreneurs instead of concentrating on public works and redistributive policies. Tax system should be arranged to pave the way for business profits that are locomotive of the economy. In addition financial system should be formed as liberal perspective to construct market oriented economic system. Additionally state should give up economic operation so privatizations of all activities and enterprises of state-owned should be provided with state guarantee that there will not be any violations of property rights on the contrary of protectionist and nationalist structure. Pro tectionist measures should be abolished and free trade must be established with a secure position of movement of capital investment. Namely all of these regulation aim to provide economic growth for developing nations through the example of Latin American countries. Washington Consensus principles have emerged on the contrary of protectionist economic system and it also gave up Keynesian liberal views to establish market basis economy. Consensus principles create a growth opportunity for developing countries with free market advantages like win-win position. FDIs on the hands of TNCs directly reach the host countries with open market rules and this opportunity expose a greater development chance for countries itself.

Compare and contrast two theories/models of relationships Essay

There are two main theories applied to relationships, Social Exchange Theory and Equity Theory underpin commonly used behavioural therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. More recent studies in neuroscience and behaviour and the importance of language have led to the development of Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as an alternative approach. In this essay I will outline the relationship models comparing and contrasting them. I will also introduce and briefly touch on Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as an additional approach to couples counselling and offer considerations which an integrative therapist might need to take into account when offering counselling to couples. Social Exchange Theory explores interactions between two parties by examining the costs and beneï ¬ ts to each. The theory proposed by Homans in 1958 is not exclusively applied to relationships as it also explores all social systems and considers the power balance within those systems. The key point of the theory is that it assumes the two parties are both giving and receiving items of value from each other. Under this theory, relationships are only likely to continue if both parties feel they are coming out of the exchange with more than they are giving up–that is, if there is a positive amount of benefit for both parties involved. Homans’ work to define and understand society was based around the study of human behaviour in terms of cost and reward. This understanding of behaviour is recognised also in the work of Pavlow and Skinner. Homan later went on to apply his theory to relationships proposing in his Disruptive Justice hypothesis that as human beings we expect a relationship to be proportional and if the reward or reciprocity falls short of the cost we become dissatisfied and are more likely to end a relationship. However he also proposed that if one party perceives that the reward outweighs the cost provided but the other half of the relationship is content the relationship will be satisfactory. Homans (1958, P.606) â€Å"Social behavior is an exchange of goods, material goods but also  non-material ones, such as the symbols of approval or prestige. Persons that give much to others try to get much from them, and persons that get much from others are under pressure to give much to them. This process of influence tends to work out at equilibrium to a balance in the exchanges. For a person in an exchange, what he gives may be a cost to him, just as what he gets may be a reward, and his behavior changes less as the difference of the two, profit, tends to a maximum.† In relationships Homan proposed that the reward is more valuable to the individual if it reinforces our self esteem or provides social approval especially in areas of life where we feel insecure and we are drawn to a partner who provides this more than rewards or approval for things we already rate ourselves for. In return we provide the same kind of strokes to our partner reinforcing and boosting their esteem in areas in which they feel most insecure. This is referred to as the principle of satiation. The costs in a fulfilling relationship can be divided into three categories: Investment costs- mental energy and emotional investment , Direct costs – time, financial and material investments and Opportunity costs- personal sacrifices to benefit the relationship. Because all behaviour is costly in that it requires an expenditure of energy on the part of the individual, only those behaviours that are rewarded or that produce the least cost tend to be repeated. Thus, social exchanges take on an air of consistency in that patterns of rewards often remain stable in social relationships. Thibault and Kelley in 1959 developed a 4 stage model of long term relationships based on Homans social exchange theory research. Thibault and Kelley applied two basic concepts to their work. Firstly, that all human interaction is motivated by perceived rewards for the action and second relates to how that influences the nature of relationships. The four stages Sampling, Bargaining, Commitment and Institutionalisation describe how a relationship forms and settles. The theory is predominantly behaviourist and assumes that humans operate as rational beings making decisions based on costs and benefits and that their decision making is motivated by the desire to get basic individual needs met. The first stage in the model, Sampling, is exploring the costs and rewards of various interactions through a number of different friendships and relationships and observing various people in their relationships in order to discern what works and what doesn’t. Psychologists interpret the  social behaviour of adolescents and young people as they flit from one relationship/friendship to another as this sampling stage in action. Bargaining is the natural progression undertaken as a new relationship is under consideration. What’s in it for me? If I do/give this what will I get in return? At this stage attraction based around similar attitudes or constructs are explored with a view to establishing the viability of a possible relationship. Both parties might ask themselves ‘Is it going to be worthwhile investing in this?’ Commitment follows when the two parties know enough about each other to develop the ability to predict each others’ behaviour and therefore elicit reward/pleasure/satisfaction from each other. Institutionalisation is the final stage when the two parties know what to expect from each other and settle into established norms. Equity Theory was developed from Social Exchange Theory by Walster in 1978. Elaine Hatfield worked closely with Walster and Ellen Berscheid in the seventies to understand the human concept of social justice. She says According to Equity theory, people feel most comfortable when they are getting exactly what they deserve from their relationships—no more and certainly no less. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology. Hatfield, E. & Rapson, R. L. Glyph International 2011. She also says of her work with Walster and Bercheid We believed that a concern with fairness was a cultural universal. We were convinced that during humankind’s long evolutionary heritage, a concern with social justice came to be writ in the mind’s â€Å"architecture† because such values possessed survival value. Such concerns were maintained, we thought, because behaving fairly continued to be a wise and profitable strategy in today’s world. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology. Hatfield, E. & Rapson, R. L. Glyph International 2011. It is recognised that throughout history, societies have had different visions as to what constitutes â€Å"social justice,† â€Å"fairness,† and â€Å"equity† and that these differences still influence perspectives on what social  justice means to the individual and to different societies across the globe. Furthermore their ongoing research takes into consideration the current shifts within society towards gender equality and how this influences relationships. Equity Theory is essentially based around balance within a relationship and can be summarised by 4 key principles. 1.People will try to maximise reward and minimise unpleasant experience in a relationship 2.Rewards can be shared out in different ways and people will decide on what they agree to be a fair system 3.An unfair or inequitable relationship causes personal distress 4.A person in an inequitable relationship will attempt to restore balance and the degree to which the relationship is unfair the harder they will try to restore the balance. Both theories are based around the assumption that relationships develop out of a fair exchange or trading of costs and rewards. Equity Theory although it takes into account societal changes is less concerned with society and is more concerned with individuals and how they perceive justice. The main difference between the two theories is that where Exchange Theory would propose that people would leave a relationship as it is if they felt they were in the advantaged position where rewards are concerned, Equity Theory suggests that the person would be driven to restore the equity within an unbalanced relationship by either reducing their input or increasing their outputs. Exchange Theory is more concerned with under-benefit as a disadvantage but Equity Theory places a greater emphasis on both under-benefit and over-benefit. Under-benefits are likely to provoke a sense of anger and resentment and over-benefits are likely to provoke a sense of guilt. Either scenario can become unbearable to the party experiencing either anger or guilt resulting in them attempting to re-establish balance. If this does not appear to work, it is likely that the relationship will breakdown as an equilibrium has not been reached. Both theories can be useful tools for a therapist in couples counselling in order to discern where a couple is at within their relationship and to help them move towards a state of balance or equity when it has been lost. They both provide the basis from which to look at the behaviour of each  individual within a relationship, to consider how it might have changed and how levels of reciprocity have become distorted leading to the experience of over/under benefit and thus to create tools to realign the behaviour and expectations to help regain balance within the relationship as a whole. There have however been some criticisms of early studies of relationships because they do not consider individual developmental changes which occur in life and which may alter the balance in a relationship or place adequate emphasis on the effects of outside factors which influence an individual’s thinking and consequent behaviour within a relationship, such a family expectations, early role modelling, messages received and fused with about the self from others such as parents. This can be particularly relevant in terms of negative thinking, pain avoidant behaviours, rule following and rigid thinking. In terms of applying behaviour therapy to couples counselling the therapist will want to look at what interpretations a client is making about a situation and the beliefs they hold based on previous experience and how this then shapes their response or behaviour toward their partner. They will look at where the belief was formed through a process of where? When? Who? and What happened? questions in order to help reframe the past and detach it from the present thus helping the client’s view to change and become more rational in the current situation. In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy a branch of CBT, using the ABC model, the theory distinguishes between rational and irrational beliefs and seeks to correct irrational beliefs which lead to self defeating behaviours. ‘People are not disturbed by things; rather they disturb themselves when they hold irrational beliefs about things. When they hold rational beliefs they respond healthily to things’ CBT tips for a fulfilling life Windy Dryden Hodder Education 2012 Studies of behaviour from the perspective of a Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can be applied to understanding relationships issues and provide a slightly different perspective  emphasising the nuances of language and how they affect function within a relationship and focussing on values and actions as a priority in terms of repairing harmony. RFT sees language and cognition as relational framing, an operant ability that develops through exposure to many kinds of verbal interactions . ‘The goal of integrative behavioural couples therapy is to ‘help couples shift the context, rather than just the content, of their interactions, embracing conflict as a part of relationships and working toward a greater understanding and acceptance of each other’ ACT & RFT in Relationships Dahl, Stewart, Martell & Caplan Context Press 2013 There are many similarities in this approach, for example applying RFT in the context of relationships considers how individuals derive expectations in relationships based on earlier experiences and from perspectives acquired in the past which lead to the generation of self rules and ideals of what the future ‘should’ look like and how a partner ‘should’ behave. The subtle difference lies in the 2 key elements of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, acceptance of psychological events and commitment to values. It offers the couple the opportunity to identify self defeating patterns of behaviour, encouraging clients to embrace the painful aspects of such negative thinking with self compassion and to accept that suffering and pain are intrinsic part of life and moreover relationship experience. The therapist will help the clients to identify values in all domains of life, perhaps through the use of a Values Compass which identifies 10 separate domains, Work, Leisure, Caregiving, Family, Intimate Relations, Community Involvement, Spirituality, Education and Personal Development, Health and Social network. Clients will be encouraged to identify the reinforcing qualities which support each domain and to then rate how highly they are attending to each domain. This exercise can help couples see where there might be imbalances. By associating each value with it’s reinforcing qualities the clients can see for themselves and for each other how balance in all domains is essential to maintain balance in their relationship or how a lack of balance might lead them to seek compensatory reinforcement from each other. By doing this exercise the individuals concerned can develop a greater understanding of  their needs and how they can get their needs met. In understanding why some areas of their lives have been neglected and recognising the self defeating behaviours which lead to this imbalance they develop self compassion and then extend this to compassion and acceptance for each other. In this kind of therapy couples will learn to recognise and apply flexibility of thought and action, self compassion, compassion, acceptance, mindfulness, self –as –context and values and committed action increasing the potential for balance within themselves and thus enabling a more supporting relationship wit h each other. Whatever approach a therapist takes there will be a recognition that the therapy will be more effective if it is holistic and integrative. The Chrysalis TIME model provides a sound basis from which to start all therapy. It is also essential for the therapist to consider the wider social implications and ethical issues surrounding relationships before proceeding with any kind of therapeutic intervention. Cultural differences, religious beliefs, geographic origins, social status, educational backgrounds and family history all influence how an individual perceives a successful relationship and set criteria and rules for that relationship and thus how they might expect therapy to help when things go wrong. One key consideration in couples counselling which is more relevant in westernised society today is that many relationships are founded on love – or an idea of love, whereas historically marriage contracts were based on other factors such as status, financial security etc. For many people entering into a new relationship one of the driving factors are the feelings and emotions derived from the behaviour of the other person. This as the basis for a relationship is not without its’ problems since initial highly charged emotions and feelings wane as a relationship develops and matures and deeper connections are necessary for quality and longevity. It is also essential that the therapist applies relevant learning of client centred counselling to ensure that the therapy is client led and balanced, so that neither party feels that the therapist is lacking a position of neutrality, whilst maintaining an empathic and understanding approach to both individuals. The skilled therapist will be aware of the power balance  between the 2 parties through careful observation of body language and choice of language by the clients and active attunement. They will maintain an approach of acceptance and non judgement even though their clients may not and will not be drawn by one over the other or allow one to dominate the sessions. All parties must feel safe, demonstrate a willingness to engage in the process and have a clear idea of, ideally, a shared goal for the therapy. An ethical therapist will not see couples clients separately or set up couples counselling where they have previously counselled one party.

The Hidden Treasure of Wharton Common App Essay Samples

The Hidden Treasure of Wharton Common App Essay Samples Wharton has what's known as the Team-Based Discussion that's essentially a simulation of how you are going to experience academic life at this school. Keep in mind that she has an incredibly rich curriculum. Find out more about Tufts University. The Common Application was made by a non-profit institution with the target of providing more equality in the college application procedure. The Admissions Committee wants to understand more about you and your distinctive personality and the way that can ultimately give rise to the Wharton community. To begin with, MBA admissions committees wish to observe how you write. Choosing Good Wharton Common App Essay Samples The topic of your essay doesn't need to be completely novel. You need to make the essay school-specific. Irrespective of which essay prompt you address, it's critical to give yourself time to consider the info you're conveying and what it reveals about you. These seven sample essays respond to a wide variety of thought-provoking questions. Also, remember to look at your paper for plagiarism since if it isn't unique it's not going to be accepted. If you're one of the almost 1000 students every month who look for Common App Essay examples, you're certainly doing the proper thing, as there's a lot that it is possible to learn from essay examples bad essays in addition to good one. If you found the essay that we've reviewed within this article a little daunting you aren't alone. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. If you want to compose an effective essay, it's time to get familiar with every one of the varieties of essay prompts. In general, there's no single correct topic. Inside this critique, we will have a look at the qualities of Vanessa's essay that make it shine as well as two or three areas that could use improvement. That's why the previous bit of this prompt is vital. Think of why you're applying to the school in the very first location, and brainstorm, picking a few ideas you could elaborate on in an essay. It will be helpful if you have sufficient understanding about the providing topic and can share your ideas and ideas. Brainstorm thoughts and see what arises. Different prompt ideas enable you to emphasize a variety of elements of your life. Never put off tomorrow what you could do today. In many instances, the most prosperous people today are people who have turned their passions in their professions. For others, it takes much more time to make a choice. There isn't a prompt to steer you, and that means you must ask yourself the questions that will get at the center of the story you would like to tell. Colleges want to get a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. The organization cited extensive counselor feedback and the additional advantage of consistency as the primary factors. I learned about the several options offered and purposely choose four activities which were different from one another and would help me to fulfill a diverse group of individuals. The Fight Against Wharton Common App Essay Samples If you believe you have the capacity to compose a Common App Essay that's on this level do it. The Common Application is just available online. Keep in mind that the Common App provides you with creative license. Common app essay questions 2020 mostly stay unchanged when compared with the prior year. Be aware you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems that have to be solved later on. Statistically, plenty of good essays written in the former year are centered on the self-analysis app prompt. As the essay can turn into the deciding factor to assist you secure a spot at the college or institution you're applying to you will need to get ready to answer the most frequent application essay questions. Additionally, you have an opportunity to select a topic you enjoy the most a fantastic option that doesn't limit your pick. Regardless of what topic you select, allow some time for extra editing. This new prompt provides the chance for you to discuss something which completely enthralls you. Your reply shouldn't be a book report.

Enrons Performance Evaluation Process And Development Plan

Enron was one of the world’s most prestigious energy, commodities and services companies. Founded in 1985, Enron became into a pioneer with nearly $100.7 billion operating revenue during 2000. However, at the end of 2001, Enron was involved in a series of accounting fraud, and it was forced to file for bankruptcy afterwards. Attracting Talents No doubt that Enron had a very attractive compensation package: â€Å"appealing signing bonuses and the promise of earning annual bonuses for as much as 100% of salaries†, which was generous compared to the industry norm, especially for traders. Their bonuses were based on the present value of the trading profits they generated and there was no cap. However, what really put Enron at top of the list was its encouraging performance evaluation process and development plan. â€Å"Enron adopted a feedback system based on reviews of employees not only from supervisors, but also peers and customers, which reduced the effect of personal bias and office politics.† Enron also encouraged their employees to move around the company as long as employees felt they could add value to the firm and they would get compensated when they made contributions. Enron was aggressively extending its trading business, thus there was definitely more space to grow compared to those investment banks. Business Model Enron was a natural gas pipeline company at the time it was established, and then it began to trade gas. Indeed, the gas-trading model was a huge success:Show MoreRelatedEnron : The Demise Of Enron1740 Words   |  7 Pageshistory. The demise of Enron impacted the livelihood and futures of numerous employees, their pensions, and in due course impacted Wall Street in a significant way. Even people today are amazed at how such a powerful company met its demise so rapidly. Enron’s end was a product of greed when certain executives of Enron were not eager to accept the failure of their company. The company utilized mark-to-market accounting that detailed the projected impending profits from a long-term deal (Lawry, 2015, p.Read MoreEnron Case7190 Words   |  29 Pagespartners involved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Enron’s industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Enron’s injured parties†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 (II) Enron’s accounting fraud and misrepresentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Explanation of the fraud†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Damages incurred†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Final outcome of the Case†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 How the fraud was discovered†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 (III) Enron’s Influences and Ethical Concerns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 (IV) Enron’s poor decisions and the better alternatives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreChapter 9: Behavioral and Organizational Issues in Management Accounting and Control Systems16548 Words   |  67 Pagesthe set of procedures, tools, performance measures, systems and incentives that organizations use to guide and motivate all employees to achieve organizational objectives. 9-2 The four stages that are needed to keep the organization in control are: 1. Plan: develop an organization’s objectives, choose activities to accomplish the objectives, and select measures to determine how well the objectives were met; 2. Do: implement the plan; 3. Check:Read MoreQualitative Research Methods Essay13327 Words   |  54 Pagescase study, phenomenological, and grounded theory. In effort to better understand the challenges women in leadership face in climbing the corporate ladder; this researcher selected the phenomenological method for conducting the research. Then, the plan is to synthesize the findings, and in conclusion, analyze the issues associated with sample selection, validity, and bias as they pertain to women in leadership. Qualitative Research Methods There are three research methods: qualitative, quantitativeRead MoreImportance of Segregation of Duties2844 Words   |  12 Pagesstatements with assurance that the financial information being presented is both reliable and accurate. This basic function of accounting is so important that there is an entire field of experts, called auditors, dedicated to assuring its proper performance. Throughout history there have been many instances in which the basic equilibrium between an institution and current/potential investor has been threatened due to a lack of accountability and trust between the two parties. This issue has beenRead MoreManaging Change7059 Words   |  29 Pagescurrent issues related to quality, technology, diversity, globalization, and ethics. This requires managing both change and resistance to change. All organizations experience external and internal forces for change. There are numerous organization development interventions available to managers. Diagnosis a nd needs analysis are essential first steps in any change management effort. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: 1. Identify the majorRead More. Facebook Lost Out to Twitter Recuiting Highly-Respected Algorithms Engineer Pankaj Gupta. Facebook Has Had Trouble Finding a Director of Monetization.7509 Words   |  31 Pagesprocesses that must at least be considered as sus pect include rewards processes, training processes, perform ance management processes, and the hiring process.    1. Rewards and recognition  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The purpose of any corporate reward process is to encourage and incent the right be haviours and to discourage the negative ones. It’s im portant for the reward process to incent the gathering of infor mation about problems. It’s equally important to reward employees who are successful in getting executives to takeRead MoreManaging People Performance Essay5644 Words   |  23 PagesHENLEY BUSINESS SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF READING MANAGING PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE ASSIGNMENT †¢ Identify, with justification, a critical issue relating to people that impacts effective performance within the organisation. †¢ Based on your analysis, develop your recommendations and an outline plan to address the issue to improve organisational performance with clear justification for your proposed approach. †¢ Identify the benefits and risks ofRead MoreWaste Management33554 Words   |  135 Pages(including Waste Management, Global Crossing, Sunbeam, Qwest Communications, Enron, and eventually WorldCom) and of the firm’s conviction on federal charges of obstruction of justice. ÂÆ'ÂÆ' Financial accounting standards played a role in that some of Enron’s questionable accounting strategies were in technical compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), despite clearly violating the intent of those standards. This ties directly to the current debate on rules-based versus principles-basedRead MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 Pagessystems. This chapter describes the ways that information technology affects ï ¬ nancial accounting, managerial accounting, auditing, and taxation. We begin by answering the question ‘‘what are accounting information systems’’ and then look at so me new developments in the ï ¬ eld. Following this, we will examine some traditional roles of AISs in commerce. Why should you study accounting information systems? There are many reasons, which we will review brieï ¬â€šy in this chapter, but one of the most important is